Revisiting the conundrum of the sub-Jovian and Neptune desert. A new approach that incorporates stellar properties

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new approach to defining the sub-Jovian and Neptune desert by using stellar incident flux instead of orbital period, providing better insights into planetary distribution and formation mechanisms.

Contribution

It proposes a flux-based framework to delineate the Neptune desert, deriving analytical boundary expressions and planetary mass-radius relations, enhancing understanding of exoplanet demographics.

Findings

Boundaries of the desert follow a power-law model in flux-radius and flux-mass planes.

The flux-based approach captures the proximity to host stars and stellar radiation effects.

Analytical expressions improve understanding of planetary formation and evolution.

Abstract

The search for exoplanets has led to the identification of intriguing patterns in their distributions, one of which is the so-called sub-Jovian and Neptune desert. The occurrence rate of Neptunian exoplanets with an orbital period $P\lesssim 4$ days sharply decreases in this region in period-radius and period-mass space. We present a novel approach to delineating the sub-Jovian and Neptune desert by considering the incident stellar flux $F$ on the planetary surface as a key parameter instead of the traditional orbital period of the planets. Through this change of perspective, we demonstrate that the incident flux still exhibits a paucity of highly irradiated Neptunes, but also captures the proximity to the host star and the intensity of stellar radiation. Leveraging a dataset of confirmed exoplanets, we performed a systematic analysis to map the boundaries of the sub-Jovian and Neptune desert in the $(F,R_p)$ and $(F,M_p)$ diagrams, with $R_p$ and $M_p$ corresponding to the planetary radius and mass, respectively. By using statistical techniques and fitting procedures, we derived analytical expressions for these boundaries that offer valuable insights into the underlying physical mechanisms governing the dearth of Neptunian planets in close proximity to their host stars. We find that the upper and lower bounds of the desert are well described by a power-law model in the $(F,R_p)$ and $(F,M_p)$ planes. We also obtain the planetary mass-radius relations for each boundary by combining the retrieved analytic expressions in the two planes. This work contributes to advancing our knowledge of exoplanet demographics and to refining theoretical models of planetary formation and evolution within the context of the sub-Jovian and Neptune desert.