High-order asymptotic expansion for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in the non-relativistic limit regime

TL;DR

This paper develops the first high-order analytical asymptotic expansion for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in the non-relativistic limit, improving approximation accuracy with rigorous error bounds.

Contribution

It introduces a novel high-order asymptotic expansion for NLKG and provides the first rigorous error estimates, extending previous numerical and low-order results.

Findings

High-order expansion achieves error of order  in -error bounds.

Error estimates are valid for data in Sobolev spaces with   derivatives.

Theoretical results confirm numerical observations of high-order accuracy.

Abstract

This paper presents an investigation into the high-order asymptotic expansion for 2D and 3D cubic nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations in the non-relativistic limit regime. There are extensive numerical and analytic results concerning that the solution of NLKG can be approximated by first-order modulated Schr\"odinger profiles in terms of $e^{i\frac t {\varepsilon^2}}v + c.c. $, where $v$ is the solution of related NLS and ``$c.c.$" denotes the complex conjugate. Particularly, the best analytic result up to now is given in \cite{lei}, which proves that the $L_x^2$ norm of the error can be controlled by $\varepsilon^2 +(\varepsilon^2t)^{\frac \alpha 4}$ for $H^\alpha_x$-data, $\alpha \in [1, 4]$. As for the high-order expansion, to our best knowledge, there are only numerical results, while the theoretical one is lacking. In this paper, we extend this study further and give the first high-order analytic result. We introduce the high-order expansion inspired by the numerical experiments in \cite{schratz2020, faou2014a}: \[ e^{i\frac t {\varepsilon^2}}v +\varepsilon^2 \Big( \frac 18 e^{3i\frac t {\varepsilon^2} }v^3 +e^{i\frac t {\varepsilon^2}} w \Big) +c.c., \] where $w$ is the solution to some specific Schr\"odinger-type equation. We show that the $L_x^2$ estimate of the error is of higher order $\varepsilon^4+\left(\varepsilon^2t\right)^\frac{\alpha}{4}$ for $H^\alpha_x$-data, $\alpha \in [4, 8]$.