Intelligent Pooling: Proactive Resource Provisioning in Large-scale Cloud Service

TL;DR

This paper presents Intelligent Pooling, a proactive resource provisioning system for cloud Spark clusters that predicts usage patterns with machine learning to reduce costs and improve latency, saving millions annually.

Contribution

It introduces a hybrid ML model for accurate, low-latency prediction of resource demand and a dynamic pool sizing mechanism that minimizes operational costs in cloud environments.

Findings

Achieves up to 43% reduction in cluster idle time.

Reduces costs by optimizing pool size based on predicted demand.

Deployed in production, saving tens of millions annually.

Abstract

The proliferation of big data and analytic workloads has driven the need for cloud compute and cluster-based job processing. With Apache Spark, users can process terabytes of data at ease with hundreds of parallel executors. At Microsoft, we aim at providing a fast and succinct interface for users to run Spark applications, such as through creating simple notebook "sessions" by abstracting the underlying complexity of the cloud. Providing low latency access to Spark clusters and sessions is a challenging problem due to the large overheads of cluster creation and session startup. In this paper, we introduce Intelligent Pooling, a system for proactively provisioning compute resources to combat the aforementioned overheads. To reduce the COGS (cost-of-goods-sold), our system (1) predicts usage patterns using an innovative hybrid Machine Learning (ML) model with low latency and high accuracy; and (2) optimizes the pool size dynamically to meet customer demand while reducing extraneous COGS. The proposed system auto-tunes its hyper-parameters to balance between performance and operational cost with minimal to no engineering input. Evaluated using large-scale production data, Intelligent Pooling achieves up to 43% reduction in cluster idle time compared to static pooling when targeting 99% pool hit rate. Currently deployed in production, Intelligent Pooling is on track to save tens of million dollars in COGS per year as compared to traditional pre-provisioned pools.