Dipoles and chains of solitons in the Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin model

TL;DR

This paper constructs and analyzes static multisoliton solutions, including dipoles and chains, in the Einstein-Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin model, revealing stable dipolar boson stars and unstable higher-order chains through numerical simulations.

Contribution

It introduces stable dipolar boson stars and explores the formation and stability of soliton chains in the Einstein-Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin model.

Findings

Stable dipolar boson stars identified in specific parameter regions.

Non-rotating odd parity chains can be constructed with small scalar field mass.

Chains beyond dipole are unstable.

Abstract

We construct static axisymmetric multisolitons in the Einstein-Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin model. This theory features a complex scalar field which gains mass through its interaction with a real scalar field that has a non-zero vacuum expectation value. By performing three-dimensional numerical relativity simulations, we identify stable dipolar boson stars in specific regions of the parameter space. Based on the dipole results, non-rotating odd parity chains with and without gravity can also be constructed when the mass of the real scalar field is sufficiently small. However, chains beyond the dipole case are found to be unstable.