In Serverless, OS Scheduler Choice Costs Money: A Hybrid Scheduling Approach for Cheaper FaaS

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the default Linux scheduler significantly increases serverless function costs and proposes a hybrid scheduling approach tailored to FaaS workloads to reduce expenses effectively.

Contribution

It introduces a novel hybrid scheduling method that improves cost efficiency for serverless functions by customizing OS scheduling based on function duration.

Findings

Default Linux CFS increases serverless costs by up to 10X.

Hybrid scheduling reduces user-facing costs without provider overhead.

Tailored OS scheduling improves efficiency for short-lived serverless functions.

Abstract

In Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) serverless, large applications are split into short-lived stateless functions. Deploying functions is mutually profitable: users need not be concerned with resource management, while providers can keep their servers at high utilization rates running thousands of functions concurrently on a single machine. It is exactly this high concurrency that comes at a cost. The standard Linux Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) switches often between tasks, which leads to prolonged execution times. We present evidence that relying on the default Linux CFS scheduler increases serverless workloads cost by up to 10X. In this article, we raise awareness and make a case for rethinking the OS-level scheduling in Linux for serverless workloads composed of many short-lived processes. To make serverless more affordable we introduce a hybrid two-level scheduling approach that relies on FaaS characteristics. Short-running functions are executed in FIFO fashion without preemption, while longer-running functions are passed to CFS after a certain time period. We show that tailor-made OS scheduling is able to significantly reduce user-facing costs without adding any provider-facing overhead.