Bayesian evaluation of hadron-quark phase transition models through neutron star observables in light of nuclear and astrophysics data

TL;DR

This study uses Bayesian inference to compare hybrid and nucleonic neutron star models against recent astrophysical observations, finding slight preferences for smooth hybrid models but highlighting data tensions and the importance of flexible equations of state.

Contribution

It introduces a Bayesian framework to evaluate hybrid and nucleonic EOSs against observational data, analyzing the impact of model flexibility and phase transition indicators.

Findings

Smooth hybrid EOSs are slightly favored for mass-radius relations.

Tensions exist between older and recent NICER data.

Hybrid models can incorporate stiffer EOSs, affecting tidal deformability.

Abstract

We investigate the role of hybrid and nucleonic equations of state (EOSs) within neutron star (NS) interiors using Bayesian inference to evaluate their alignment with recent observational data from NICER and LIGO-Virgo (LV) collaborations. We find that smooth hybrid EOSs are slightly favoured in explaining NS mass-radius relations, particularly for pulsars such as PSR J0030+0451 and PSR J0740+6620. However, this preference is not definitive, as gravitational wave (GW) data does not significantly differentiate between our hybrid and nucleonic models. Our analysis also reveals tensions between older NICER data and recent measurements for PSR J0437-4715, highlighting the need for more flexible EOS models. Through two sampling approaches - one fixing the hadronic EOS set and the other without fixing the same, we demonstrate that the hybrid EOS model can incorporate stiffer EOSs, resulting in a better agreement with NICER data but leading to higher tidal deformability, which is less consistent with GW observations. In some recent publications a parameter $d_c$, related to the trace anomaly and its derivative, is used to indicate the presence of deconfined quark matter. We find that our hadronic model, which does not include phase transition to deconfined matter, under the influence of imposed constraints, is able to predict values below 0.2 for $d_c$ at around five times saturation density. The hybrid model goes below this threshold at lower densities under the same conditions.