Hybrid finite element implementation of two-potential constitutive modeling of dielectric elastomers

TL;DR

This paper develops a stable implicit finite element scheme for modeling the coupled electromechanical behavior of dielectric elastomers, addressing limitations of explicit methods under realistic conditions and validating with experimental data.

Contribution

It introduces a robust implicit time-integration algorithm for dielectric elastomer modeling, overcoming explicit scheme limitations and enabling accurate simulations of complex loading.

Findings

Implicit scheme is stable and accurate for finite deformations.

The method handles general time-dependent loading and incompressibility.

Validation shows good agreement with experimental data.

Abstract

Dielectric elastomers are increasingly studied for their potential in soft robotics, actuators, and haptic devices. Under time-dependent loading, they dissipate energy via viscous deformation and friction in electric polarization. However, most constitutive models and finite element (FE) implementations consider only mechanical dissipation because mechanical relaxation times are much larger than electric ones. Accounting for electric dissipation is crucial when dealing with alternating electric fields. Ghosh et al. (2021) proposed a fully coupled three-dimensional constitutive model for isotropic, incompressible dielectric elastomers. We critically investigate their numerical scheme for solving the initial boundary value problem (IBVP) describing the time-dependent behavior. We find that their fifth-order explicit Runge-Kutta time discretization may require excessively small or unphysical time steps for realistic simulations due to the stark contrast in mechanical and electric relaxation times. To address this, we present a stable implicit time-integration algorithm that overcomes these constraints. We implement this algorithm with a conforming FE discretization to solve the IBVP and present the mixed-FE formulation implemented in FEniCSx. We demonstrate that the scheme is robust, accurate, and capable of handling finite deformations, incompressibility, and general time-dependent loading. Finally, we validate our code against experimental data for VHB 4910 under complex time-dependent electromechanical loading, as studied by Hossain et al. (2015).