Biohybrid Microrobots Based on Jellyfish Stinging Capsules and Janus Particles for In Vitro Deep-Tissue Drug Penetration

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel biohybrid microrobot combining jellyfish stinging capsules and Janus particles, capable of targeted deep-tissue drug delivery and penetration demonstrated in vitro on cancer spheroids and C. elegans.

Contribution

It presents a new biohybrid microrobot design using natural nanoinjectors and active particles for precise navigation and controlled drug release in deep tissues.

Findings

Successful navigation and targeting of microrobots to tissues

Efficient enzyme-triggered drug release from capsules

Effective penetration and drug delivery in vitro

Abstract

Microrobots engineered from self-propelling active particles, extend the reach of robotic operations to submillimeter dimensions and are becoming increasingly relevant for various tasks, such as manipulation of micro/nanoscale cargo, particularly targeted drug delivery. However, achieving deep-tissue penetration and drug delivery remain a challenge. This work developed a novel biohybrid microrobot consisting of jellyfish stinging capsules, which act as natural nanoinjectors for efficient penetration and delivery, assembled onto an active Janus particle (JP). While microrobot transport and navigation was externally controlled by magnetic field-induced rolling, capsule loading onto the JP surface was controlled by electric field. Following precise navigation of the biohybrid microrobots to the vicinity of target tissues, the capsules were activated by a specific enzyme introduced to the solution, which then triggered tubule ejection and release of the preloaded molecules. Use of such microrobots for penetration of and delivery of the preloaded drug/toxin to targeted cancer spheroids and live Caenorhabditis elegans was demonstrated in-vitro. The findings offer insights for future development of bio-inspired microrobots capable of deep penetration and drug delivery. Future directions may involve encapsulation of various drugs within different capsule types for enhanced versatility. This study may also inspire in-vivo applications involving deep tissue drug delivery.