Thermodynamic Insights into the Self-assembly of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks from Computer Simulations

TL;DR

This study uses advanced computer simulations to uncover the thermodynamic and mechanistic details of ZIF-4 MOF self-assembly, revealing complex multi-step processes and environmental influences on stability and growth.

Contribution

It provides new molecular-level insights into the thermodynamics and mechanisms of ZIF-4 self-assembly using well-tempered metadynamics simulations.

Findings

Formation of building blocks involves multi-step coordination changes.

Ligand coordination saturation is more favorable during growth.

Stability depends on solvent-metal interactions and local environment.

Abstract

New metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are periodically synthesized all over the world due to the wide range of societally and environmentally relevant applications they possess. However, the mechanisms and thermodynamics associated to MOF self-assembly are poorly understood because of the difficulties in studying such a multi-scale process with molecular-level resolution. In this work, we performed well-tempered metadynamics simulations of the early nucleation and late growth steps of the self-assembly of ZIF-4 using a reactive force field. We found that the formation of building blocks is a complex, multi-step process that involves changes in the coordination of the metal ion. Saturating the ligand coordination of a metal ion is more energetically favorable during growth than during early nucleation. The addition of a fourth ligand is less exergonic than it is for the first three and the associated free energy is highly dependent on the local environment of the undercoordinated metal ion. The stability of this bond depends on the strength of the solvent--metal ion interaction. Incorporating a ligand to a ZIF-1 crystal is less favorable compared to the more stable ZIF-4 polymorph. Milder differences were found when comparing the growth of (100), (010) and (001) ZIF-4 surfaces.