WebRL: Training LLM Web Agents via Self-Evolving Online Curriculum Reinforcement Learning

TL;DR

WebRL introduces a self-evolving curriculum reinforcement learning framework that significantly enhances open LLM web agents' performance, enabling them to outperform proprietary models and previous open models in web tasks.

Contribution

The paper presents WebRL, a novel online curriculum reinforcement learning approach that improves open LLM web agents by generating tasks from failures and employing adaptive strategies.

Findings

WebRL boosts Llama-3.1 success rate from 4.8% to 42.4%.

WebRL increases GLM-4 success rate from 6.1% to 43%.

Open models surpass GPT-4-based agents in web tasks.

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential as autonomous agents, particularly in web-based tasks. However, existing LLM web agents heavily rely on expensive proprietary LLM APIs, while open LLMs lack the necessary decision-making capabilities. This paper introduces WebRL, a self-evolving online curriculum reinforcement learning framework designed to train high-performance web agents using open LLMs. WebRL addresses three key challenges in building LLM web agents, including the scarcity of training tasks, sparse feedback signals, and policy distribution drift in online learning. Specifically, WebRL incorporates 1) a self-evolving curriculum that generates new tasks from unsuccessful attempts, 2) a robust outcome-supervised reward model (ORM), and 3) adaptive reinforcement learning strategies to ensure consistent improvements. We apply WebRL to transform open Llama-3.1 and GLM-4 models into proficient web agents. On WebArena-Lite, WebRL improves the success rate of Llama-3.1-8B from 4.8% to 42.4%, and from 6.1% to 43% for GLM-4-9B. These open models significantly surpass the performance of GPT-4-Turbo (17.6%) and GPT-4o (13.9%) and outperform previous state-of-the-art web agents trained on open LLMs (AutoWebGLM, 18.2%). Our findings demonstrate WebRL's effectiveness in bridging the gap between open and proprietary LLM-based web agents, paving the way for more accessible and powerful autonomous web interaction systems.