Monolithic 3D numerical modeling of granular cargo movement on bulk carriers in waves

TL;DR

This paper introduces a comprehensive 3D numerical model combining fluid dynamics and granular material simulation to analyze cargo movement on ships in waves, aiding maritime safety and design.

Contribution

It presents a novel monolithic finite volume approach integrating air, water, and granular cargo models with vessel dynamics for realistic 3D simulations.

Findings

Validated three-phase Volume of Fluid method.

Verified granular material model accuracy.

Reconstructed a real maritime incident in 3D.

Abstract

A novel monolithic approach for simulating vessels in waves with granular cargo is presented using a Finite Volume framework. This model integrates a three-phase Volume of Fluid method to represent air, water, and cargo, coupled with a granular material model. The approach incorporates vessel dynamics by assuming rigid-body motion for the vessel's empty hull. A three degrees of freedom rigid-body motion solver is applied for a 3D case study. The model also includes inviscid far-field boundary conditions facilitating the generation of linear waves approaching the vessel and applies a rigid-perfectly plastic material model for the granular phase. The model's efficacy is demonstrated through a validation of the three-phase Volume of the Fluid method, a verification of the granular material model, and finally, a reconstruction of the "Jian Fu Star" incident in a fully 3D simulation. This integrated approach is a feasibility study for investigating bulk carrier accidents, offering a powerful tool for maritime safety analysis and design optimization.