Quantitative spectroscopy of multiple OB stars: I. The quadruple system HD 37061 at the centre of Messier 43

TL;DR

This study performs detailed quantitative spectroscopy on the quadruple star system HD 37061, deriving elemental abundances and stellar parameters for its members using advanced non-LTE models, and confirms consistency with cosmic standards and Gaia data.

Contribution

First comprehensive chemical abundance analysis of all visible stars in the HD 37061 quadruple system using hybrid non-LTE models.

Findings

Derived elemental abundances consistent with cosmic standards.

Determined stellar parameters and ages for three stars.

Spectroscopic distance matches Gaia parallax.

Abstract

The majority of massive stars are located in binary or multiple star systems. Compared to single stars, these objects pose additional challenges to quantitative analyses based on model atmospheres. In particular, little information is currently available on the chemical composition of such systems. The members of the quadruple star system HD 37061, which excites the H II region Messier 43 in Orion, are fully characterised. Accurate and precise abundances for all elements with lines traceable in the optical spectrum are derived for the first time. A hybrid non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) approach, using line-blanketed hydrostatic model atmospheres computed with the ATLAS12 code in combination with non-LTE line-formation calculations with DETAIL and SURFACE, was employed. A high-resolution composite spectrum was analysed for the atmospheric parameters and elemental abundances of the individual stars. Fundamental stellar parameters were derived based on stellar evolution tracks, and the interstellar reddening was characterised. We determined the fundamental parameters and chemical abundances for three stars in the HD 37061 system. The fourth and faintest star in the system shows no distinct spectral features, as a result of its fast rotation. However, this star has noticeable effects on the continuum. The derived element abundances and determined ages of the individual stars are consistent with each other, and the abundances coincide with the cosmic abundance standard. We find an excellent agreement between our spectroscopic distance and the Gaia Data Release 3 parallax distance.