Chapman-Enskog theory and crossover between diffusion and superdiffusion for nearly integrable quantum gases

TL;DR

This paper develops a hydrodynamic framework for nearly-integrable quantum gases, revealing a crossover from diffusion to superdiffusion at large scales, with explicit transport coefficients and universality class transitions.

Contribution

It introduces a Chapman-Enskog expansion for generalized hydrodynamics with a collision term, describing the crossover from Navier-Stokes to KPZ universality in nearly-integrable systems.

Findings

Recovery of Navier-Stokes equations at large scales

Explicit expressions for viscosity and thermal conductivity

Identification of crossover length scale to KPZ universality

Abstract

Integrable systems feature an infinite number of conserved charges and on hydrodynamic scales are described by generalised hydrodynamics (GHD). This description breaks down when the integrability is weakly broken and sufficiently large space-time-scales are probed. The emergent hydrodynamics depends then on the charges conserved by the perturbation. We focus on nearly-integrable Galilean-invariant systems with conserved particle number, momentum and energy. Basing on the Boltzmann approach to integrability-breaking we describe dynamics of the system with GHD equation supplemented with a collision term. The limit of large space-time-scales is addressed using Chapman-Enskog expansion adapted to the GHD equation. For length scales larger than $\sim \lambda^{-2}$, where $\lambda$ is integrability-breaking parameter, we recover Navier-Stokes equations and find transport coefficients: viscosity and thermal conductivity. At even larger length scales, this description crosses over to Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class, characteristic to generic non-integrable one-dimensional fluids. Employing nonlinear fluctuating hydrodynamics we estimate this crossover length scale as $ \sim \lambda^{-4}$.