Cosmological evolution of dark matter subhaloes under tidal stripping by growing Milky Way-like galaxies

TL;DR

This paper investigates how dark matter subhaloes evolve under tidal forces in Milky Way-like galaxies using high-resolution cosmological simulations, revealing a universal mass loss pattern and aligning orbital data with observations.

Contribution

It provides detailed analysis of subhalo mass evolution and orbital properties, highlighting the universality of tidal stripping and supporting the cold dark matter model.

Findings

Over 80% of subhaloes experience mass loss due to tidal stripping.

Subhaloes reach maximum mass around redshift z≈1, with smaller ones doing so earlier.

Orbital properties of subhaloes align with Gaia satellite observations.

Abstract

We present the findings of a comprehensive and detailed analysis of merger tree data from ultra-high-resolution cosmological $N$-body simulations. The analysis, conducted with a particle mass resolution of $5 \times 10^3 h^{-1} M_{\odot}$ and a halo mass resolution of $10^7 h^{-1} M_{\odot}$, provides sufficient accuracy to suppress numerical artefacts. This study elucidates the dynamical evolution of subhaloes associated with the Milky Way-like host haloes. Unlike more massive dark matter haloes, which have been extensively studied, these subhaloes follow a distinct mass evolution pattern: an initial accretion phase, followed by a tidal stripping phase where mass is lost due to the tidal forces of the host halo. The transition from accretion to stripping, where subhaloes reach their maximum mass, occurs around a redshift of $z\simeq1$. Smaller subhaloes reach this point earlier, while larger ones do so later. Our analysis reveals that over 80 per cent of subhaloes have experienced mass loss, underscoring the universality of tidal stripping in subhalo evolution. Additionally, we derived the eccentricities and pericentre distances of subhalo orbits from the simulations and compare them with those of nearby satellite galaxies observed by the Gaia satellite. The results demonstrate a significant alignment between the orbital elements predicted by the cold dark matter model and the observed data, providing robust support for the model as a credible candidate for dark matter.