Pi in the Sky: Neutron Stars with Exceptionally Light QCD Axions

TL;DR

This paper investigates how extremely light QCD axions affect neutron star properties and constraints, revealing new physics in dense matter and potential stable exotic objects influenced by axion fields.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed study of axion condensed neutron stars with a novel focus on the effects of an exceptionally light axion on nuclear matter and neutron star phenomenology.

Findings

Constraints on axion parameter space up to rac{5 imes 10^{-7}}{ ext{to}} 0.2

Altered neutron star equations of state at rac{ heta=\u03c0}{ ext{pi}}

Potential existence of nuclear-density compact objects stabilized by axions

Abstract

We present a comprehensive study of axion condensed neutron stars that arise in models of an exceptionally light axion that couples to quantum chromodynamics (QCD). These axions solve the strong-charge-parity (CP) problem, but have a mass-squared lighter than that due to QCD by a factor of $\varepsilon<1$. Inside dense matter, the axion potential is altered, and much of the matter in neutron stars resides in the axion condensed phase where the strong-CP parameter $\theta =\pi$ and CP remains a good symmetry. In these regions, masses and interactions of nuclei are modified, in turn changing the equation of state (EOS), structure and phenomenology of the neutron stars. We take first steps toward the study of the EOS of neutron star matter at $\theta =\pi$ within chiral effective field theory and use relativistic mean field theory to deduce the resulting changes to nuclear matter and the neutron star low-density EOS. We derive constraints on the exceptionally light axion parameter space based on observations of the thermal relaxation of accreting neutron stars, isolated neutron star cooling, and pulsar glitches, excluding the region up to $5 \times 10^{-7} \lesssim \varepsilon \lesssim 0.2$ for $ m_a \gtrsim 2\times 10^{-9}\,{\rm eV} $. We comment on potential changes to the neutron star mass-radius relationship, and discuss the possibility of novel, nuclear-density compact objects with $\theta =\pi$ that are stabilized not by gravity but by the axion potential.