Variable structures in the stellar wind of the HMXB Vela X-1

TL;DR

This study analyzes 14 years of MAXI X-ray data of Vela X-1 to understand the variability of stellar winds in this high-mass X-ray binary, revealing complex absorption patterns and their relation to neutron star spin states.

Contribution

It provides the first long-term analysis of orbit-to-orbit absorption variability and its connection to neutron star spin behavior in Vela X-1 using MAXI observations.

Findings

Long-term hardness ratio evolution is stable.

Individual orbits show diverse hardness ratio trends.

Neutron star spin-up episodes correlate with harder-than-average spectra.

Abstract

Strong stellar winds are an important feature in wind-accreting high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) systems, providing insights into stellar evolution and their impact on surrounding environments. However, the long-term evolution and temporal variability of these winds are not fully understood. This work probes the archetypal wind-accreting HMXB Vela X-1 using MAXI observations over 14 years, focusing on orbit-to-orbit absorption variability in the 2-10 keV band. Additionally, the relation between hardness ratio trends in binary orbits and neutron star spin states is investigated. We calculate hardness ratios to track absorption variability, comparing flux changes across energy bands, as the effect of absorption on the flux is energy-dependent. Variability is analyzed by comparing hardness ratio trends across binary orbits to the MAXI long-term averaged evolution. The long-term averaged hardness ratio evolution displays a stable pattern. Yet, individual binary orbits reveal different hardness ratio evolutions between consecutive orbits with no evident periodicity. Less than half of the binary orbits align with the long-term evolution. Moreover, neutron star spin-up episodes exhibit harder-than-average hardness trends compared to spin-down episodes, although their distributions overlap considerably. The long-term averaged hardness ratio dispersion is consistent with absorption column densities reported in literature from shorter observations, suggesting that heterogeneous wind structures, including accretion wakes and wind clumps, drive observed variations. The orbit-to-orbit variability indicates that pointed X-ray observations provide limited insight into wind structure. The link between neutron star spin states and hardness trends underscores the influence of accretion on absorption, with variability tied to stellar wind density fluctuations.