A Systematic Assessment of OpenAI o1-Preview for Higher Order Thinking in Education

TL;DR

This study systematically evaluates OpenAI o1-preview's ability to perform higher-order thinking tasks in education, revealing strengths in some areas and limitations in others, with implications for future educational strategies.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive assessment of OpenAI o1-preview's higher-order cognitive skills compared to humans, highlighting areas of superiority and deficiency.

Findings

o1-preview outperforms humans in systems, computational, data, creative, scientific, and abstract reasoning.

Underperforms humans by about 25% in logical, critical, and quantitative reasoning.

Both achieve perfect scores in analogical reasoning.

Abstract

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to advance, it demonstrates capabilities comparable to human intelligence, with significant potential to transform education and workforce development. This study evaluates OpenAI o1-preview's ability to perform higher-order cognitive tasks across 14 dimensions, including critical thinking, systems thinking, computational thinking, design thinking, metacognition, data literacy, creative thinking, abstract reasoning, quantitative reasoning, logical reasoning, analogical reasoning, and scientific reasoning. We used validated instruments like the Ennis-Weir Critical Thinking Essay Test and the Biological Systems Thinking Test to compare the o1-preview's performance with human performance systematically. Our findings reveal that o1-preview outperforms humans in most categories, achieving 150% better results in systems thinking, computational thinking, data literacy, creative thinking, scientific reasoning, and abstract reasoning. However, compared to humans, it underperforms by around 25% in logical reasoning, critical thinking, and quantitative reasoning. In analogical reasoning, both o1-preview and humans achieved perfect scores. Despite these strengths, the o1-preview shows limitations in abstract reasoning, where human psychology students outperform it, highlighting the continued importance of human oversight in tasks requiring high-level abstraction. These results have significant educational implications, suggesting a shift toward developing human skills that complement AI, such as creativity, abstract reasoning, and critical thinking. This study emphasizes the transformative potential of AI in education and calls for a recalibration of educational goals, teaching methods, and curricula to align with an AI-driven world.