On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions

TL;DR

This paper reviews thermal parameters in high-energy collisions, proposing model-independent measures and analyzing their energy and system size dependence, revealing a mass-dependent multi-temperature scenario.

Contribution

It introduces model-independent thermal parameters and analyzes their behavior across energies and collision systems, highlighting a mass-dependent multi-temperature scenario.

Findings

Thermal parameters are larger in central collisions and higher energies.

Excitation functions rise rapidly below 7.7 GeV and slowly above.

Fluctuations occur in trends at energies above 39 GeV.

Abstract

In this minireview article, we examine the inconsistent results of thermal parameters derived from various models in high-energy collisions. Through a comprehensive literature review and based on the average transverse momentum or the root-mean-square transverse momentum, we propose model-independent parameters to address these inconsistencies. The relevant parameters include: the initial temperature, the effective temperature, the kinetic freeze-out temperature, and the average transverse velocity. Our findings indicate that these four parameters are larger in central collisions, within central rapidity regions, at higher energies, and in larger collision systems. As collision energy increases, excitation functions for all four parameters rise rapidly (slowly) within ranges below (above) approximately 7.7 GeV. At higher energies (>39) GeV, fluctuations occur in trends for these excitation functions, with only slight changes observed in their growth rates. Additionally, this work reveals a mass-dependent multi-temperature scenario pertaining to both initial states and kinetic freeze-out processes.