Learning to Adopt Generative AI

TL;DR

This paper investigates the digital divide in generative AI adoption by modeling learning and utility disparities, revealing how different social groups benefit and update their perceptions of ChatGPT, and proposing interventions to reduce inequality.

Contribution

It introduces a Bayesian learning model capturing heterogeneities in utility and belief updates, and empirically demonstrates significant divides and the impact of training programs.

Findings

Individuals without college education and non-white users derive larger utility gains but update beliefs more slowly.

Males, younger users, and those with AI exposure learn faster and gain higher utility per use.

Training programs can reduce the belief trap and mitigate the digital divide in adoption outcomes.

Abstract

Recent advancements in generative AI, such as ChatGPT, have dramatically transformed how people access information. Despite its powerful capabilities, the benefits it provides may not be equally distributed among individuals, a phenomenon referred to as the digital divide. Building upon prior literature, we propose two forms of digital divide in the generative AI adoption process: (i) the learning divide, capturing individuals' heterogeneous abilities to update their perceived utility of ChatGPT; and (ii) the utility divide, representing differences in individuals' actual utility derived from per use of ChatGPT. To evaluate these two divides, we develop a Bayesian learning model that incorporates heterogeneities in both the utility and signal functions. Leveraging a large-scale clickstream dataset, we estimate the model and find significant learning and utility divides across various social characteristics. Interestingly, individuals without any college education, non-white individuals, and those with lower English literacy derive larger utility gains from ChatGPT, yet update their beliefs about its utility at a slower rate. Furthermore, males, younger individuals, and those in occupations with greater exposure to generative AI not only obtain higher utility per use from ChatGPT but also learn about its utility more rapidly. Besides, we document a phenomenon termed the belief trap, wherein users underestimate ChatGPT's utility, opt not to use the tool, and thereby lack new experiences to update their perceptions, leading to continued underutilization. Our simulation further demonstrates that the learning divide can significantly affect the probability of falling into the belief trap, another form of the digital divide in adoption outcomes (i.e., outcome divide); however, offering training programs can alleviate the belief trap and mitigate the divide.