Artificial sunflower: Light-induced deformation of photoactive shells

TL;DR

This paper investigates the complex deformation behaviors of light-responsive shells, introducing a novel discrete shell model to understand and design photomechanically active two-dimensional structures like sheets and shells.

Contribution

It presents a new modeling approach for photomechanical shells, revealing how geometry and light interaction influence deformation modes and enabling design of light-responsive shell structures.

Findings

Shell deformation involves complex coupling of actuation, stretching, and bending.

The model predicts how shells can be designed to deform towards light sources.

Light penetration limits induce spontaneous bending in shells.

Abstract

Photomechanically active materials undergo reversible deformation on illumination, making them ideal for remote, tether-free actuation. Much of the work on these materials has focused on one-dimensional structures, such as strips. In this paper, we explore photomechanically active two-dimensional structures such as sheets and shells. When illuminated, such structures undergo spontaneous bending due to the limited penetration of light. However, the geometry of the shell constrains possible deformation modes: changes in Gauss curvature lead to in-plane stretching, against which shells are very stiff. Therefore, there is a complex coupling between the photomechanical actuation and the mechanical behavior of a shell. We develop and implement a novel approach to study photomechananically active shells. This method is a discrete shell model which captures the interplay between actuation, stretching, bending, and geometric changes. Through a series of examples, we explore these complex interactions, demonstrating how one can design shells that deform to follow the source of illumination.