Strategic deployment of solar photovoltaics for achieving self-sufficiency in Europe throughout the energy transition

TL;DR

This paper analyzes how Europe's energy independence goals influence the deployment and distribution of solar PV and wind energy, highlighting cost implications and technical configurations needed for self-sufficiency.

Contribution

It introduces a framework to evaluate the impact of self-sufficiency constraints on Europe's renewable energy deployment and system design, emphasizing equitable cost distribution and technical optimization.

Findings

Self-sufficiency constraints lead to more equitable cost distribution across Europe.

Countries dependent on imports face up to 150% cost increases for self-sufficiency.

Large-scale solar and wind installations are feasible given recent deployment trends.

Abstract

Transition pathways for Europe to achieve carbon neutrality emphasize the need for a massive deployment of solar and wind energy. Global cost optimization would lead to installing most of the renewable capacity in a few resource-rich countries, but policy decisions could prioritize other factors. In this study, we focus on the effect of energy independence on Europe's energy system design. We show that self-sufficiency constraints lead to a more equitable distribution of costs and installed capacities across Europe. However, countries that typically depend on energy imports face cost increases of up to 150% to achieve complete self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency particularly favours solar photovoltaic (PV) energy, and with declining PV module prices, alternative configurations like inverter dimensioning and horizontal tracking are beneficial enough to be part of the optimal solution for many countries. Moreover, we found that very large solar and wind annual installation rates are required, but they seem feasible in light of recent historical trends.