Hot (non-equilibrium) electron relaxation: A review of the ultra-fast phenomena in metals and superconductors (PART I)

TL;DR

This review paper traces the development of understanding hot electron relaxation in metals and superconductors, highlighting advances from the 1950s to the present, including experimental techniques and theoretical models in ultra-fast phenomena.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive, concise overview of the evolution of non-equilibrium electron relaxation research, emphasizing recent developments beyond the traditional Two-Temperature Model.

Findings

Historical development of the Two-Temperature Model (TTM) and its extensions.

Recent advances in ultra-fast spectroscopy techniques.

Emerging models and understanding in the atto-second regime.

Abstract

The famous Two-Temperature Model (TTM) used extensively in the investigations of energy relaxation in photo-excited systems originated in the seminal work of M. I. Kaganov, I. M. Lifshitz, and L. V. Tanatarov (KLT) in 1957. The idea that with an ultra short laser pulse a temporal (transient) state of electrons in a metal can be created in which electrons after absorbing energy from the laser pulse heat up and their temperature becomes substantially greater than that of lattice was originated in the work of S. I. Anisimov, B. L. Kapeliovich, and T. L. Perel'man in 1974. The heated electron sub-system ("hot" electrons) loses its energy to phonon sub-system via electron-phonon scattering (relaxation) and thermodynamic equilibrium re-establishes over a time scale of a few pico-seconds (psecs) in metals. This field saw great developments in the 1980s and 1990s with the advent of femto-second (fsec) pump-probe spectroscopy. And from 2000 onwards focus shifted from non-equilibrium phenomena in simple metals to that in more complex systems including strongly correlated systems such as high Tc cuprate superconductors. In 1987, P. B. Allen re-visits the calculations of KLT and re-writes the electron-phonon heat transfer coefficient $\alpha$ in terms of a very important parameter in the theory of superconductivity. Year 2000 onwards, field saw the development of models that go beyond the original TTM. Very recently, field enters into atto-second domain. In this article, author attempts a rigorous and concise account of the entire development of this very fascinating area of research including a summary of the current research in this field.