Studying the X-ray absorption characteristics of Centaurus X-3 using nearly 14 years of MAXI/GSC data

TL;DR

This study analyzes 14 years of MAXI/GSC data to investigate X-ray absorption in Centaurus X-3, revealing asymmetric absorption patterns and suggesting complex structures like accretion wakes influence the stellar wind and absorption features.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed orbital-phase-resolved spectral analysis of Centaurus X-3 over a long-term dataset, highlighting asymmetries in absorption not explained by simple models.

Findings

Asymmetric variation in photoelectric absorption across the orbit.

Increased absorption after orbital phase 0.5 deviates from spherical wind models.

Presence of complex structures like accretion wakes inferred from absorption patterns.

Abstract

Centaurus X-3 is a persistent high-mass X-ray binary with the long-term light curve from the source exhibiting orbit-to-orbit intensity variations with no apparent superorbital periodicity. We used $\sim$13.5 years of MAXI/GSC data to study the long-term behaviour of X-ray absorption caused by the stellar wind from the companion star and any absorbing structures present in the binary. We used orbital-phase-resolved spectroscopy to study the variation in the photoelectric absorption along the line of sight of the source for both the intensity-averaged data and intensity-resolved data after dividing all the data binned with orbital period into three intensity levels. We find an asymmetric variation in the photoelectric absorption along the line of sight across an orbit of the source. The orbital-phase-resolved spectra show a clear increase in photoelectric absorption after $\phi_\text{orb}\sim$ 0.5, which deviates from a spherically symmetric stellar wind model. The flux of Cen X-3 shows significant variation between consecutive orbits. An intensity-resolved spectral analysis of the source was performed, followed by an intensity-resolved and orbital-phase-resolved spectral analysis, which showed that at the medium and high intensity levels, the orbital-phase-resolved photoelectric absorption is slightly asymmetric with respect to mid-phase ($\phi_\text{orb}=$ 0.5). The asymmetry is very pronounced at the lowest intensity level and cannot be explained by a spherically symmetric wind from the companion star. The differences in the orbital phase-dependence of absorption for different intensity levels suggest that the presence of an accretion wake, photoionization wake, or tidal stream is more prominent at a lower intensity level for Centaurus X-3 than at a higher intensity level.