Marine Microplastics and Infant Health

TL;DR

This study provides the first empirical evidence linking in-utero microplastic exposure to adverse birth outcomes, highlighting a significant global health concern and identifying aerosolization as a key exposure pathway.

Contribution

It introduces a novel dataset combining birth records with remote sensing microplastic measurements, establishing a direct link between microplastics and low birth weight.

Findings

Doubling microplastic exposure increases low birth weight risk by 0.37 per 1,000 births.

Over 205,000 cases of low birth weight annually are attributable to microplastic exposure.

Aerosolization of microplastics is a significant inhalation pathway, likely worsening with rising ocean temperatures.

Abstract

A century of plastic usage has led to an accumulation of plastic waste in waterways and oceans. Over time, these wastes break down into particles smaller than 5 microns -- or ''microplastics'' -- which can infiltrate human biological systems. Despite decades of research into this emerging source of environmental pollution, there is a paucity of direct evidence on the health impacts of microplastics exposure at a population scale. This paper reports the first empirical link between in-utero microplastic exposure and adverse birth outcomes. Our analysis is based on a compiled dataset of 3 million births that occurred in coastal areas of 15 countries spanning four continents, which we merge with a novel remote-sensing measurements of marine microplastic concentrations. We show that in-utero exposure to microplastics, particularly during the third trimester of pregnancy, leads to a significant increase in the likelihood of low birth weight. A doubling of exposure increases low birth weight hazard by 0.37 per 1,000 births, which implies over 205,000 cases per year globally can be attributed to microplastic exposure. We further show that aerosolization -- whereby microplastic particles become airborne and inhalable due to seawater evaporation -- is an important pathway for health impact, a challenge that is likely to escalate as ocean temperatures continue to rise.