Dynamic Glucose Enhanced Imaging using Direct Water Saturation

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel MRI technique called DS-DGE that uses linewidth broadening of water saturation spectra to improve detection of glucose uptake in brain tissues, overcoming limitations of existing methods.

Contribution

The study proposes and validates a new linewidth-based approach for dynamic glucose enhanced MRI, demonstrating its effectiveness in brain tumor imaging.

Findings

Linewidth broadening correlates with glucose uptake in tissues.

DS-DGE produces high-quality lesion maps comparable to perfusion imaging.

Method shows promise for improved sensitivity in glucose imaging.

Abstract

Purpose: Dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) MRI studies employ chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) or spin lock (CESL) to study glucose uptake. Currently, these methods are hampered by low effect size and sensitivity to motion. To overcome this, we propose to utilize exchange-based linewidth (LW) broadening of the direct water saturation (DS) curve of the water saturation spectrum (Z-spectrum) during and after glucose infusion (DS-DGE MRI). Methods: To estimate the glucose-infusion-induced LW changes ($\Delta$LW), Bloch-McConnell simulations were performed for normoglycemia and hyperglycemia in blood, gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), CSF, and malignant tumor tissue. Whole-brain DS-DGE imaging was implemented at 3 tesla using dynamic Z-spectral acquisitions (1.2 s per offset frequency, 38 s per spectrum) and assessed on four brain tumor patients using infusion of 35 g of D-glucose. To assess $\Delta$LW, a deep learning-based Lorentzian fitting approach was employed on voxel-based DS spectra acquired before, during, and post-infusion. Area-under-the-curve (AUC) images, obtained from the dynamic $\Delta$LW time curves, were compared qualitatively to perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI). Results: In simulations, $\Delta$LW was 1.3%, 0.30%, 0.29/0.34%, 7.5%, and 13% in arterial blood, venous blood, GM/WM, malignant tumor tissue, and CSF, respectively. In vivo, $\Delta$LW was approximately 1% in GM/WM, 5-20% for different tumor types, and 40% in CSF. The resulting DS-DGE AUC maps clearly outlined lesion areas. Conclusions: DS-DGE MRI is highly promising for assessing D-glucose uptake. Initial results in brain tumor patients show high-quality AUC maps of glucose-induced line broadening and DGE-based lesion enhancement similar and/or complementary to PWI.