Strong symmetries in collision models and physical dilations of covariant quantum maps

TL;DR

This paper investigates how weak symmetries of covariant quantum maps influence their physical dilations, revealing that such symmetries often induce strong symmetries in the dilated evolution, which has implications for quantum implementations.

Contribution

It systematically characterizes the manifestation of weak symmetries in physical dilations of quantum maps, including collision models and Hamiltonian-driven evolutions, and provides guidelines for their laboratory realization.

Findings

Weak symmetries lead to strong symmetries in dilations for various classes of quantum maps.

Certain dilations, like some collision models, have no symmetry constraints.

The subspace where symmetries arise is characterized using Krylov subspaces.

Abstract

Quantum maps are fundamental to quantum information theory and open quantum systems. Covariant or weakly symmetric quantum maps, in particular, play a key role in defining quantum evolutions that respect thermodynamics, establish free operations in resource theories, and are consistent with transformations of quantum reference frames. To implement quantum maps in the lab, one typically engineers a physical dilation, which corresponds to a unitary evolution entangling the system with an environment. This work systematically explores how weak symmetries of quantum maps manifest in their dilations. We demonstrate that for various classes of physical dilations, including Hamiltonian-driven dilations and short-time collision models that simulate Markovian open quantum dynamics, weak symmetries always lead to strong symmetries in the dilated evolution, resulting in conserved quantities in the system-environment space. We also characterize the subspace where these symmetries arise using Krylov subspaces. Moreover, we show that some different types of physical dilations have no constraints on the dilated evolution, requiring no strong symmetry. Finally, we complement our findings with a variety of illustrative and pedagogical examples. Our results provide essential guidelines for constructing physical dilations of quantum maps, offering a comprehensive understanding of how symmetries shape their implementations in a laboratory or on a quantum computer.