Optimal Ground Station Selection for Low-Earth Orbiting Satellites

TL;DR

This paper develops an optimization framework using integer programming to select the best ground stations for LEO satellite missions, balancing performance and costs, and introduces a surrogate method for computational efficiency.

Contribution

It presents a novel optimization approach for ground station selection that accounts for multiple mission constraints and evaluates different formulations with real-world GSaaS providers.

Findings

Surrogate optimization improves computational scalability.

Optimized station selection outperforms standard practices.

Framework accommodates various mission performance constraints.

Abstract

This paper presents a solution to the problem of optimal ground station selection for low-Earth orbiting (LEO) space missions that enables mission operators to precisely design their ground segment performance and costs. Space mission operators are increasingly turning to Ground-Station-as-a-Service (GSaaS) providers to supply the terrestrial communications segment to reduce costs and increase network size. However, this approach leads to a new challenge of selecting the optimal service providers and station locations for a given mission. We consider the problem of ground station selection as an optimization problem and present a general solution framework that allows mission designers to set their overall optimization objective and constrain key mission performance variables such as total data downlink, total mission cost, recurring operational cost, and maximum communications time-gap. We solve the problem using integer programming (IP). To address computational scaling challenges, we introduce a surrogate optimization approach where the optimal station selection is determined based on solving the problem over a reduced time domain. Two different IP formulations are evaluated using randomized selections of LEO satellites of varying constellation sizes. We consider the networks of the commercial GSaaS providers Atlas Space Operations, Amazon Web Services (AWS) Ground Station, Azure Orbital Ground Station, Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT), Leaf Space, and Viasat Real-Time Earth. We compare our results against standard operational practices of integrating with one or two primary ground station providers.