Exploring multi-step electroweak phase transitions in the 2HDM+$\boldsymbol{a}$

TL;DR

This paper investigates sequential multi-step electroweak phase transitions in the 2HDM+a model, analyzing their phenomenology, constraints, and gravitational wave signatures using the one-loop finite-temperature effective potential.

Contribution

It identifies four distinct types of multi-step phase transitions in the 2HDM+a, including CP symmetry breaking and restoration, and evaluates their gravitational wave signals.

Findings

Four types of phase transitions identified in the 2HDM+a.

CP symmetry can be spontaneously broken and restored during transitions.

Predicted gravitational wave signals could be detectable with future experiments.

Abstract

Multiple electroweak phase transitions occurring sequentially in the early universe can give rise to intriguing phenomenology, compared to the typical single-step electroweak phase transition. In this work, we investigate this scenario within the framework of the two-Higgs-doublet model with a pseudoscalar, utilizing the complete one-loop finite-temperature effective potential. After considering relevant experimental and theoretical constraints, we identify four distinct types of phase transitions. In the first case, only the configuration of the CP-even Higgs acquires a non-zero value via a first-order or a cross-over electroweak phase transition, leading to electroweak symmetry breaking. In the remaining three cases, the pseudoscalar fields can obtain vacuum expectation values at different phases of the multi-step phase transition process, leading to spontaneous breaking of the CP symmetry. As the temperature decreases, the phase shifts to the vacuum observed today via first-order electroweak phase transition, at this point, the vacuum expectation value of the pseudoscalar field returns to zero, restoring the CP symmetry. Finally, we compare the transition strength and the stochastic gravitational wave background generated in the four situations along with the projected detection limits.