MINFLUX -- molecular resolution with minimal photons

TL;DR

MINFLUX is an emerging super-resolution microscopy technique that achieves nanometer spatial resolution and high photon efficiency by targeted scanning of patterned excitation beams, enabling advanced live-cell imaging and single-molecule tracking.

Contribution

This paper reviews the principles, advantages, limitations, and recent developments of MINFLUX microscopy, highlighting its potential for high-precision biological imaging.

Findings

Achieves nanometer resolution in super-resolution imaging.

Provides nanometer spatial and sub-millisecond temporal resolution in single fluorophore tracking.

Outperforms camera-based techniques in photon efficiency and tracking capabilities.

Abstract

Optical super-resolution microscopy is a key technology for structural biology that offers high imaging contrast and live-cell compatibility. Minimal (fluorescence) photons flux microscopy, or MINFLUX, is an emerging super-resolution technique that localizes single fluorophores with high spatiotemporal precision by targeted scanning of a patterned excitation beam featuring a minimum. MINFLUX offers super-resolution imaging with nanometer resolution. When tracking single fluorophores, MINFLUX can achieve nanometer spatial and sub-millisecond temporal resolution over long tracks, greatly outperforming camera-based techniques. In this review, we present the basic working principle of MINFLUX and explain how it can reach high photon efficiencies. We then outline the advantages and limitations of MINFLUX, describe recent extensions and variations of MINFLUX and, finally, provide an outlook for future developments.