Frequency Control and Disturbance Containment Using Grid-Forming Embedded Storage Networks

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel grid-forming energy storage network for fast frequency control and disturbance containment in power systems, improving transient response and localizing disturbances.

Contribution

It introduces a distributed control scheme for storage resources acting as grid-forming assets, enhancing transient stability and disturbance containment compared to traditional methods.

Findings

Storage network improves frequency nadirs during disturbances

Fast-acting safety controls contain frequency transients within limits

Performance depends on storage capacity and inverter parameters

Abstract

The paper discusses fast frequency control in bulk power systems using embedded networks of grid-forming energy storage resources. Differing from their traditional roles of regulating reserves, the storage resources in this work operate as fast-acting grid assets shaping transient dynamics. The storage resources in the network are autonomously controlled using local measurements for distributed frequency support during disturbance events. Further, the grid-forming inverter systems interfacing with the storage resources, are augmented with fast-acting safety controls designed to contain frequency transients within a prescribed tolerance band. The control action, derived from the storage network, improves the frequency nadirs in the system and prevents the severity of a disturbance from propagating far from the source. The paper also presents sensitivity studies to evaluate the impacts of storage capacity and inverter controller parameters on the dynamic performance of frequency control and disturbance localization. The performance of the safety-constrained grid-forming control is also compared with the more common grid-following control. The results are illustrated through case studies on an IEEE test system.