Fate of thermalization of ultracold fermions with two-body dissipation

TL;DR

This paper investigates the thermalization and loss dynamics of ultracold fermionic gases with two-body dissipation, revealing conditions for spontaneous thermalization and validating the conventional loss model in trapped systems.

Contribution

It provides a first-principles analysis of particle loss and thermalization in ultracold fermions, highlighting the limitations of existing models and discovering spontaneous thermalization without elastic collisions.

Findings

Conventional two-body loss model is valid for trapped systems.

Systems near or above quantum degeneracy can spontaneously thermalize.

Deeply degenerate systems exhibit non-equilibrium behavior.

Abstract

Two-body dissipation due to chemical reactions occurs in both ultracold fermionic and bosonic molecular gases. Despite recent advances in achieving quantum degeneracy, the loss dynamics are typically described phenomenologically using rate equations, often assuming thermalization during chemical reactions. From the first principles, we analyze particle loss, temperature evolution, and momentum distributions in single-component Fermi gases using the inelastic quantum Boltzmann equation. Our results prove that the conventional two-body loss model is valid for trapped systems, though it fails to describe the dynamics in homogeneous systems accurately. Interestingly, we find that systems prepared near or above quantum degeneracy can thermalize spontaneously, even in the absence of elastic collisions, while systems initialized deep in degeneracy display non-equilibrium behavior. Our calculations are in good agreement with recent experimental data from trapped systems and could be further tested in atomic systems with induced two-body loss in box potentials.