Implementing Quantum Secret Sharing on Current Hardware

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates quantum secret sharing schemes on IBM's 127-qubit hardware, evaluating their performance and fidelity, and compares different codes' effectiveness in preserving quantum information.

Contribution

It provides practical encoding/decoding circuits for secret sharing on real quantum hardware and compares their performance using fidelity metrics.

Findings

The ((3,5)) scheme slightly outperforms the ((5,7)) scheme in SWAP test fidelity.

The Steane Code achieves higher entanglement fidelity than the ((3,5)) scheme.

The ((2,3)) qutrit scheme performs the worst due to additional multi-qubit gates.

Abstract

Quantum secret sharing is a cryptographic scheme that enables a secure storage and reconstruction of quantum information. While the theory of secret sharing is mature in its development, relatively few studies have explored the performance of quantum secret sharing on actual devices. In this work, we provide a pedagogical description of encoding and decoding circuits for different secret sharing codes, and we test their performance on IBM's 127-qubit Brisbane system. We evaluate the quality of implementation by performing a SWAP test between the decoded state and the ideal one, as well as by estimating how well the code preserves entanglement with a reference system. Results indicate that a ((3,5)) threshold secret sharing scheme performs slightly better overall than a ((5,7)) scheme based on the SWAP test, but is outperformed by the Steane Code scheme in regards to the entanglement fidelity. We also investigate one implementation of a ((2,3)) qutrit scheme and find that it performs the worst of all, which is expected due to the additional number of multi-qubit gate operations needed to encode and decode qutrits.