Optimal Discrimination of Mixed Symmetric Multi-mode Coherent States

TL;DR

This paper determines the optimal measurement strategy for distinguishing symmetric multi-mode phase-randomized coherent states, crucial for quantum communication and cryptography, by combining photon counting and square-root measurements.

Contribution

It introduces a method to realize the optimal measurement by photon counting followed by square-root measurements in each photon-number subspace, extending known results to mixed states.

Findings

Optimal measurement involves photon counting and square-root measurements.

The overall optimal measurement can be implemented with a simple linear optical circuit.

The method applies to symmetric multi-mode phase-randomized coherent states.

Abstract

We find the optimal measurement for distinguishing between symmetric multi-mode phase-randomized coherent states. A motivation for this is that phase-randomized coherent states can be used for quantum communication, including quantum cryptography. The so-called square-root measurement is optimal for pure symmetric states, but is not always optimal for mixed symmetric states. When phase-randomizing a multi-mode coherent state, the state becomes a mixture of pure multi-mode states with different total photon numbers. We find that the optimal measurement for distinguishing between any set of phase-randomised coherent states can be realised by first counting the total number of photons, and then distinguishing between the resulting pure states in the corresponding photon-number subspace. If the multi-mode coherent states we started from are symmetric, then the optimal measurement in each subspace is a square-root measurement. The overall optimal measurement in the cases we consider is also a square-root measurement. In some cases, we are able to present a simple linear optical circuit that realizes the overall optimal measurement.