Robust microwave cavity control for NV ensemble manipulation

TL;DR

This paper develops a GRAPE-based method to optimize microwave control pulses for NV ensemble manipulation, enhancing robustness against cavity imperfections and detunings, thereby improving quantum control fidelity.

Contribution

It introduces a novel pulse optimization technique that accounts for cavity effects, significantly improving control robustness in NV ensemble applications.

Findings

Optimized $$ and $$ pulses demonstrate increased robustness.

Numerical simulations show resilience to detunings five times larger.

Enhanced pulse sequences improve quantum control accuracy.

Abstract

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center ensembles have the potential to improve a wide range of applications, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at the microscale and nanoscale, wide-field magnetometry, and hyperpolarization of nuclear spins via the transfer of optically induced NV polarization to nearby nuclear spin clusters. These NV ensembles can be coherently manipulated with microwave cavities, that deliver strong and homogeneous drivings over large volumes. However, the pulse shaping for microwave cavities presents the added challenge that the external controls and intra-cavity field amplitudes are not identical, leading to adverse effects on the accuracy of operations on the NV ensemble. In this work, we introduce a method based on Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE) to optimize external controls, resulting in robust pulses within the cavity while minimizing the effects of cavity ringings. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by designing both $\pi$ and $\pi/2$ pulses. These optimized controls are then integrated into a PulsePol sequence, where numerical simulations reveal a resilience to detunings five times larger than those tolerated by the sequence constructed using standard controls.