Statistics of systemwide correlations in the random-field XXZ chain: Importance of rare events in the many-body localized phase

TL;DR

This study investigates long-distance spin correlations in the random-field XXZ chain, revealing that rare events significantly affect the stability and nature of the many-body localized phase, especially through fat-tailed distributions of longitudinal correlations.

Contribution

It uncovers the impact of rare events on the decay of correlations in the MBL phase, highlighting the importance of distribution tails and challenging conventional localization assumptions.

Findings

Longitudinal correlations show fat-tailed distributions with large rare events.

Average longitudinal correlations decay algebraically due to rare events.

Typical correlations decay exponentially, indicating different physical regimes.

Abstract

Motivated by recent debates around the many-body localization (MBL) problem, and in particular its stability against systemwide resonances, we investigate long-distance spin-spin correlations across the phase diagram of the random-field XXZ model, with a particular focus on the strong disorder regime. Building on state-of-the-art shift-invert diagonalization techniques, we study the high-energy behavior of transverse and longitudinal correlation functions, computed at the largest possible distance, for a broad range of disorder and interaction strengths. Our results show that while transverse correlations display a fairly stable exponential decay over the entire XXZ phase diagram, longitudinal correlations exhibit markedly different behavior, revealing distinct physical regimes. More precisely, we identify an intermediate disorder region where standard observables show well-converged MBL behavior [J. Colbois et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 116502 (2024)] while the distributions of longitudinal correlations reveal unexpected fat-tails towards large values. These rare events strongly influence the average decay of longitudinal correlations, which we find to be algebraic in a broad region inside the supposed MBL phase, whereas the typical decay remains mostly exponential. At stronger disorder and weaker interactions, this intermediate regime is replaced by a more conventional exponential decay with short correlation lengths for both typical and average correlators, as expected for standard localization. Our findings shed light on the systemwide instabilities and raise important questions about the impact of such rare but large long-range correlations on the stability of the MBL phase. Finally, we discuss the possible fate of the intermediate region in the context of recent perspectives in the field.