The onset of filamentation on vorticity interfaces in two-dimensional Euler flows

TL;DR

This paper investigates the onset of filamentation in two-dimensional Euler flows, deriving a universal amplitude equation that predicts finite-time blow-up of wave slopes, indicating filament formation.

Contribution

It introduces a universal, parameter-free amplitude equation for vorticity interface disturbances, applicable to various geometries, and demonstrates self-similar blow-up behavior leading to filamentation.

Findings

Derivation of a universal amplitude equation for interface waves.

Identification of finite-time self-similar blow-up of wave slopes.

Numerical evidence supporting the blow-up and filamentation onset.

Abstract

Two-dimensional Euler flows, in the plane or on simple surfaces, possess a material invariant, namely the scalar vorticity normal to the surface. Consequently, flows with piecewise-uniform vorticity remain that way, and moreover evolve in a way which is entirely determined by the instantaneous shapes of the contours (interfaces) separating different regions of vorticity -- this is known as `Contour Dynamics'. Unsteady vorticity contours or interfaces often grow in complexity (lengthen and fold), either as a result of vortex interactions (like merger) or `filamentation'. In the latter, wave disturbances riding on a background, equilibrium contour shape appear to inevitably steepen and break, forming filaments, repeatedly -- and perhaps endlessly. Here, we revisit the onset of filamentation. Building upon previous work and using a weakly-nonlinear expansion to third order in wave amplitude, we derive a universal, parameter-free amplitude equation which applies (with a minor change) both to a straight interface and a circular patch in the plane, as well as circular vortex patches on the surface of a sphere. We show that this equation possesses a local, self-similar form describing the finite-time blow up of the wave slope (in a rescaled long time proportional to the inverse square of the initial wave amplitude). We present numerical evidence for this self-similar blow-up solution, and for the conjecture that almost all initial conditions lead to finite-time blow up. In the full Contour Dynamics equations, this corresponds to the onset of filamentation.