Precisely controlled colloids: A playground for path-wise non-equilibrium physics

TL;DR

This paper explores path-wise observables in driven colloids within a periodic light field to analyze non-equilibrium transport features, providing new formulations and methods to assess experimental data and verify theoretical predictions.

Contribution

It introduces two equivalent formulations of stochastic equations of motion for driven colloids and demonstrates their practical relevance in analyzing non-equilibrium transport phenomena.

Findings

Path-wise observables reveal detailed transport features.

Two formulations of stochastic equations are practically interchangeable.

Experimental data can be quantitatively verified against theoretical predictions.

Abstract

We investigate path-wise observables in experiments on driven colloids in a periodic light field to dissect selected intricate transport features, kinetics, and transition-path time statistics out of thermodynamic equilibrium. These observables directly reflect the properties of individual paths in contrast to the properties of an ensemble of particles, such as radial distribution functions or mean-squared displacements. In particular, we present two distinct albeit equivalent formulations of the underlying stochastic equation of motion, highlight their respective practical relevance, and show how to interchange between them. We discuss conceptually different notions of local velocities and interrogate one- and two-sided first-passage and transition-path time statistics in and out of equilibrium. Our results reiterate how path-wise observables may be employed to systematically assess the quality of experimental data and demonstrate that, given sufficient control and sampling, one may quantitatively verify subtle theoretical predictions.