Persistence of charmed hadrons in QGP from lattice QCD

TL;DR

This paper investigates how charm quarks transition from hadronic states to quark-like excitations in the quark-gluon plasma near the chiral crossover using lattice QCD calculations of charm fluctuations and correlations.

Contribution

It provides evidence that charm degrees of freedom shift from hadron-like to quark-like above the chiral crossover temperature based on lattice QCD data.

Findings

Charmed hadrons dominate charm thermodynamics below $T_{pc}$.

Charm quark-like excitations emerge above $T_{pc}$.

Charmed hadron contributions remain significant up to 175 MeV.

Abstract

We study the nature of charm degrees of freedom near the chiral crossover based on lattice QCD calculations of the second and fourth-order cumulants of charm fluctuations, and their correlations with net baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness fluctuations. We show that below the chiral crossover temperature, $T_{pc}$, the thermodynamics of charm can be very well understood in terms of charmed hadrons. We present evidence that above $T_{pc}$, however, charm quark-like excitations emerge as new degrees of freedom contributing to the partial charm pressure. Nonetheless, up to temperatures as high as 175 MeV, charmed hadron-like excitations significantly contribute to the partial charm pressure.