Beyond the Phase Ordering Problem: Finding the Globally Optimal Code w.r.t. Optimization Phases

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel framework and technique for finding the globally optimal code with respect to compiler optimization phases, surpassing traditional phase ordering solutions by leveraging reverse optimization strategies.

Contribution

The paper proposes a new concept of semantically equivalence and a framework that uses reverse optimization phases to find globally optimal code, demonstrating its effectiveness on real-world programs.

Findings

ool often produces more efficient code than exhaustive phase ordering.

Incorporating reverse phases enhances existing compiler optimizations.

The framework theoretically guarantees finding the global optimal code.

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a new concept called \textit{semantically equivalence} \wrt \textit{optimization phases} \textit{(\sep)}, which defines the set of programs a compiler considers semantically equivalent to the input using a set of optimization phases. We show both theoretically and empirically that solving the phase ordering problem does not necessarily result in the most efficient code among all programs that a compiler deems semantically equivalent to the input, hereinafter referred to as the global optimal code \wrt optimization phases. To find the global optimal code \wrt optimization phases, we present a conceptual framework, leveraging the reverse of existing optimization phases. In theory, we prove that the framework is capable of finding the global optimal code for any program. We realize this framework into a technique, called \textit{iterative bi-directional optimization (\tool)}, which performs both the normal and reverse optimizations to increase and decrease the efficiency of the generated code, respectively. We evaluate \tool on C/C++ files randomly extracted from highly mature and influential programs (\eg, Linux kernel, OpenSSL, Z3). Results show that \tool frequently generates more efficient code -- measured by either code size or runtime performance -- than exhaustive search, which is the solution to the phase ordering problem. We also find by simply incorporating \tool's reverse optimization phases, the effectiveness of the optimization of state-of-the-art compilers (\eg, GCC/LLVM) can be significantly improved.