SIMP dark matter during reheating

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the freeze-out process of SIMP dark matter during the reheating epoch affects its relic abundance, revealing that inflaton potential shape influences the DM mass limits and parameter space viability.

Contribution

It introduces the analysis of SIMP dark matter freeze-out during reheating, accounting for inflaton potential effects on relic abundance and setting new mass bounds.

Findings

Reheating dynamics alter the freeze-out temperature compared to standard radiation-dominated scenarios.

Upper mass bounds for SIMP dark matter are significantly relaxed with quadratic inflaton potential.

Reheating with quartic inflaton potential further constrains the viable dark matter parameter space.

Abstract

Strongly interacting massive particle (SIMP) has become one of the promising dark matter (DM) candidates due to its capability of addressing the small-scale anomaly, where the final DM abundance is set via the freeze-out of $3\rightarrow 2$ or $4\rightarrow 2$ annihilation process involving solely the dark sector particles. In this work, we explore the freeze-out of SIMP DM during the inflationary reheating epoch. During reheating, the radiation energy density evolves differently based on the shape of inflaton potential and spin of its decay products than the standard radiation-dominated picture; as a result, in this scenario, the freeze-out temperature varies distinctly with DM mass compared to the standard case. Large entropy injection due to inflaton decay demands a smaller cross-section to satisfy the observed relic than the standard radiation-dominated freeze-out case. The required cross-section, satisfying the relic density constraint and the maximum allowed thermally averaged cross-section by the unitarity of the $S$-matrix, set an upper limit on the DM mass. The upper bound on the mass of the dark matter for $3\rightarrow2$ ( $4\rightarrow2$ ) is $1$ GeV ($7$ MeV), assuming a radiation-dominated background. Interstingly, these limits get relaxed to $10^6$ ($10^4$) GeV for $3\rightarrow2$ ( $4\rightarrow2$ ) SIMP dark matter for quadratic inflaton potential. We find that a small amount of DM parameter space survives for reheating with quadratic inflaton potential after considering the lower bound of reheating temperature, put by the latest CMB observation depending on the inflationary models. In the case of the quartic inflaton potential, the allowed DM parameter space gets reduced compared to the quadratic case.