Quantification of the Plan Aperture Modulation of Radiotherapy Treatment Plans

TL;DR

This paper introduces Plan Aperture Modulation (PAM), a new metric for quantifying radiotherapy plan complexity that is more intuitive, robust, and easily integrated into clinical workflows than previous metrics.

Contribution

The study develops and validates PAM, a geometric and intuitive metric for plan modulation, outperforming existing metrics and enabling better plan assessment and comparison.

Findings

PAM provides a more intuitive assessment of plan modulation.

PAM is independent of treatment variables like technique and anatomy.

PAM correlates with the Modulation Factor, enabling quantification of MU increase.

Abstract

This study introduces a novel metric, Plan Aperture Modulation (PAM), developed to quantify the modulation of radiotherapy treatment plans. PAM aims to provide a clear geometric interpretation, addressing the limitations of previous complexity metrics and facilitating its integration into treatment planning systems (TPSs) and clinical workflows. The PAM metric was defined as the average fraction of the target area outside the beam aperture, weighted over all control points in a treatment plan. The metric was evaluated in VMAT plans for two sites: prostate with lymph nodes and lung SBRT. Plans with varying complexities were generated using the Eclipse TPS, and PAM was compared to established metrics, including Plan Modulation (PM), Modulation Complexity Score (MCS), and monitor units per Gray (MU/Gy). The relationship between PAM and the Modulation Factor (MF), which quantifies the increase in MUs due to plan modulation, was also investigated. PAM provided a more intuitive assessment of plan modulation compared to the other metrics, and was validated across different delivery systems, such as C-arm linacs and Halcyon systems. The metric outperformed the previous metrics, indicated a zero modulation for Dynamic Conformal Arc plans, and was independent of confounding variables, such as treatment technique, beam energy, delivery system, and patient anatomy. Derived equations enabled the calculation of MF based on PAM, allowing for a robust quantification of plan modulation. PAM is a robust and intuitive metric for quantifying modulation in radiotherapy plans. It overcomes the limitations of previous metrics and can be readily implemented in TPSs to control plan modulation during optimization and for reporting. PAM is a promising tool for improving treatment planning workflows and for comparing and benchmarking radiotherapy plans in multi-institutional studies, clinical trials, and audits.