Bringing multilevel quantum master equations into Lindblad form for complete positivity tests: Two approaches

TL;DR

This paper introduces two methods to convert multilevel quantum master equations into Lindblad form and verify their complete positivity, aiding the analysis of quantum dynamics without solving the equations.

Contribution

The paper develops and compares two independent approaches to compute the Kossakowski matrix from a quantum master equation, enabling complete positivity tests for arbitrary N-level systems.

Findings

Both methods yield identical Kossakowski matrices.

Applied methods to three-level systems driven by incoherent light.

Eigenvalues of Kossakowski matrices reveal similar dissipative dynamics.

Abstract

While quantum master equations (QMEs) are the primary workhorse in quantum information science, quantum optics, spectroscopy, and quantum thermodynamics, bringing an arbitrary $N$-level QME into Lindbladian form and verifying complete positivity of the associated quantum dynamical map remain open challenges for $N\ge 3$. We explore and implement two independent methods to accomplish these tasks, which enable one to directly compute the Kossakowski matrix of an arbitrary Markovian QME from its Liouvillian. In the first method, due to Hall, Cresser, Li, and Andersson, the Kossakowski matrix elements are obtained by evaluating the action of the Liouvillian on the orthonormal SU($N$) basis matrices and then computing a sum of matrix-product traces. The second method, developed in this work, is based on the real $N$-level coherence vector and relies on the Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse of a rectangular matrix composed of the structure constants of SU$(N)$. We show that both methods give identical results, and apply them to establish the complete positivity of the partial secular Bloch-Redfield QME for the $\Lambda$ and V-systems driven by incoherent light. We find that the eigenvalues of the Kossakowski matrix of these seemingly different three-level systems are identical, implying close similarities of their dissipative dynamics. By facilitating the expression of multilevel Markovian QMEs in Lindblad form, our results enable testing the QMEs for complete positivity without solving them, as well as restoring complete positivity by keeping only non-negative eigenvalues of the Kossakowski matrix.