Rate-induced biosphere collapse in the Daisyworld model

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that rapid changes in environmental forcing can cause extinction in the Daisyworld model through rate-induced tipping, highlighting the potential ubiquity of such phenomena in ecological and climate systems.

Contribution

It provides the first analysis of rate-induced tipping in the classic Daisyworld model, showing how fast insolation changes can lead to collapse.

Findings

Fast insolation changes can cause Daisyworld to go extinct.

Rate-induced tipping occurs even when fixed insolation levels are survivable.

The model illustrates how crossing stable manifolds leads to abrupt system shifts.

Abstract

There is much interest in the phenomenon of rate-induced tipping, where a system changes abruptly when forcings change faster than some critical rate. Here, we demonstrate and analyse rate-induced tipping in the classic "Daisyworld" model. The Daisyworld model considers a hypothetical planet inhabited only by two species of daisies with different reflectivities, and is notable because the daisies lead to an emergent "regulation" of the planet's temperature. The model serves as a useful thought experiment regarding the co-evolution of life and the global environment, and has been widely used in the teaching of Earth system science. We show that sufficiently fast changes in insolation (i.e. incoming sunlight) can cause life on Daisyworld to go extinct, even if life could in principle survive at any fixed insolation value among those encountered. Mathematically, this occurs due to the fact that the solution of the forced (nonautonomous) system crosses the stable manifold of a saddle point for the frozen (autonomous) system. The new discovery of rate-induced tipping in such a classic, simple, and well-studied model provides further supporting evidence that rate-induced tipping -- and indeed, rate-induced collapse -- may be common in a wide range of systems.