Orthogonal-state-based Measurement Device Independent Quantum Communication

TL;DR

This paper introduces orthogonal-state-based measurement-device-independent quantum communication protocols that enhance security and performance, especially in noisy environments, by utilizing Bell basis decoy qubits and analyzing their robustness against various attacks.

Contribution

It presents the first orthogonal-state-based protocols for measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication and quantum dialogue, with improved noise resilience and security analysis.

Findings

Protocols demonstrate improved performance under noisy conditions.

Security is robust against multiple eavesdropping strategies.

Protocols can be adapted for quantum key distribution, extending secure communication distance.

Abstract

We attempt to propose the first orthogonal-state-based protocols of measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication and quantum dialogue employing single basis, i.e., Bell basis as decoy qubits for eavesdropping detection. Orthogonal-state-based protocols are inherently distinct from conventional conjugate-coding protocols, offering unconditional security derived from the duality and monogamy of entanglement. Notably, these orthogonal-state-based protocols demonstrate improved performance over conjugate-coding based protocols under certain noisy environments, highlighting the significance of selecting the best basis choice of decoy qubits for secure quantum communication under collective noise. Furthermore, we rigorously analyze the security of the proposed protocols against various eavesdropping strategies, including intercept-and-resend attack, entangle-and-measure attack, information leakage attack, flip attack, and disturbance or modification attack. Our findings also show that, with appropriate modifications, the proposed orthogonal-state-based measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication protocol can be transformed into orthogonal-state-based measurement-device-independent versions of quantum key distribution protocols, expanding their applicability. Our protocols leverage fundamentally distinct resources to close the security loopholes linked to measurement devices, while also effectively doubling the distance for secure direct message transmission compared to traditional quantum communication methods.