Deciphering the Interface Laws of Turing Mixtures and Foams

TL;DR

This paper introduces a theoretical framework for understanding non-equilibrium pattern formation in biological systems, revealing interface laws that govern the structure and dynamics of Turing mixtures and foams, supported by experimental data.

Contribution

It develops a non-equilibrium interface law and concepts of Turing mixtures and foams, linking microscopic reaction networks to macroscopic pattern organization.

Findings

Verification of vertex conditions with E. coli Min protein data

Identification of wavelength selection mechanism in non-equilibrium patterns

Introduction of curvature-dependent protein redistribution model

Abstract

For cellular functions like division and polarization, protein pattern formation driven by NTPase cycles is a central spatial control strategy. Operating far from equilibrium, no general theory links microscopic reaction networks and parameters to the pattern type and dynamics. We discover a generic mechanism giving rise to an effective interfacial tension organizing the macroscopic structure of non-equilibrium steady-state patterns. Namely, maintaining protein-density interfaces by cyclic protein attachment and detachment produces curvature-dependent protein redistribution which straightens the interface. We develop a non-equilibrium Neumann angle law and Plateau vertex conditions for interface junctions and mesh patterns, thus introducing the concepts of ``Turing mixtures'' and ``Turing foams''. In contrast to liquid foams and mixtures, these non-equilibrium patterns can select an intrinsic wavelength by interrupting an equilibrium-like coarsening process. Data from in vitro experiments with the E. coli Min protein system verifies the vertex conditions and supports the wavelength dynamics. Our study uncovers interface laws with correspondence to thermodynamic relations that arise from distinct physical processes in active systems. It allows the design of specific pattern morphologies with potential applications as spatial control strategies in synthetic cells.