Towards Integrating Epistemic Uncertainty Estimation into the Radiotherapy Workflow

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how integrating epistemic uncertainty estimation into radiotherapy planning can reliably identify unreliable deep learning model predictions, improving safety and decision-making in clinical workflows.

Contribution

It introduces an advanced statistical method for OOD detection and empirically validates its effectiveness within a clinical radiotherapy contouring application.

Findings

Achieves an AUC-ROC of 0.95 for OOD detection.

High specificity (0.95) and sensitivity (0.92) in implant cases.

Effective identification of unreliable model predictions.

Abstract

The precision of contouring target structures and organs-at-risk (OAR) in radiotherapy planning is crucial for ensuring treatment efficacy and patient safety. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) have significantly improved OAR contouring performance, yet the reliability of these models, especially in the presence of out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios, remains a concern in clinical settings. This application study explores the integration of epistemic uncertainty estimation within the OAR contouring workflow to enable OOD detection in clinically relevant scenarios, using specifically compiled data. Furthermore, we introduce an advanced statistical method for OOD detection to enhance the methodological framework of uncertainty estimation. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that epistemic uncertainty estimation is effective in identifying instances where model predictions are unreliable and may require an expert review. Notably, our approach achieves an AUC-ROC of 0.95 for OOD detection, with a specificity of 0.95 and a sensitivity of 0.92 for implant cases, underscoring its efficacy. This study addresses significant gaps in the current research landscape, such as the lack of ground truth for uncertainty estimation and limited empirical evaluations. Additionally, it provides a clinically relevant application of epistemic uncertainty estimation in an FDA-approved and widely used clinical solution for OAR segmentation from Varian, a Siemens Healthineers company, highlighting its practical benefits.