High-count-rate Particle Tracking in Proton and Carbon Radiotherapy with Timepix2 Operated in Ultra-Short Acquisition Time

TL;DR

This study demonstrates the capability of Timepix2 detectors to achieve ultra-high count rates in particle tracking during proton and carbon radiotherapy, by optimizing acquisition times and customizing detector settings.

Contribution

It introduces a novel application of Timepix2 in high-rate particle detection with customized calibration, enabling operation at rates up to 10^9 particles/cm^2/s.

Findings

Timepix2 achieved acquisition times down to 100 ns for high-energy particles.

Timepix3 spectra remained accurate down to 100 us, with charge loss at 10 us.

Customized settings extended detector operation to higher event rates.

Abstract

This work investigates the operational acquisition time limits of Timepix3 and Timepix2 detectors operated in frame mode for high-count rate of high deposited energy transfer particles. Measurements were performed using alpha particles from a 241Am laboratory source and proton and carbon ion beams from a synchrotron accelerator. The particle count rate upper limit is determined by overlapping per-pixel particle signals, identifiable by the hits per pixel counter > 2, indicating the need to decrease acquisition time. On the other hand, the lower limit is the time required to collect the particle deposited charge while maintaining spectral properties. Different acquisition times were evaluated for an AdvaPIX Timepix3 detector (500 um Silicon sensor) with standard per-pixel DAC settings and a Minipix Timepix2 detector (300 um Silicon sensor) with standard and customized settings the pulse shaping parameter and threshold. For AdvaPIX Timepix3, spectra remained accurate down to 100 us frame acquisition time; at 10 us, loss of collected charge occurred, suggesting either avoiding this acquisition time or applying a correction. Timepix2 allowed acquisition times down to 100 ns for single particle track measurements even for high energy loss, enabled by a new Timepix2 feature delaying shutter closure until full particle charge collection. This work represents the first measurement utilizing Timepix-chips pixel detectors in an accelerator beam of clinical energy and intensity without the need to decrease the beam current. This is made possible by exploiting the short shutter feature in Timepix2 and a customized per-pixel energy calibration of the Timepix2 detector with a larger discharging signal value which allowed for a shorter time-over-threshold (ToT) signal. These customized settings extend the operation of the pixel detectors to higher event rates up to 10^9 particles/cm^2/s.