The ESO SupJup Survey III: Confirmation of 13CO in YSES 1 b and Atmospheric Detection of YSES 1 c with CRIRES+

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution spectroscopy to analyze the atmospheres of two super-Jupiters in YSES 1, confirming 13CO in one and detecting water and CO in the other, revealing their chemical compositions, rotation velocities, and potential formation histories.

Contribution

First high-resolution spectral analysis of YSES 1 super-Jupiters with atmospheric retrievals, confirming 13CO and measuring isotopic ratios, C/O ratios, and rotation velocities.

Findings

Confirmed 13CO in YSES 1 b at 12.6σ significance.

Detected H2O and CO in YSES 1 c at 7.3σ and 5.7σ.

Found different rotation velocities suggesting varied spin axis inclinations.

Abstract

High-resolution spectroscopic characterization of young super-Jovian planets enables precise constraints on elemental and isotopic abundances of their atmospheres. As part of the ESO SupJup Survey, we present high-resolution spectral observations of two wide-orbit super-Jupiters in YSES 1 (or TYC 8998-760-1) using the upgraded VLT/CRIRES+ (R~100,000) in K-band. We carry out free atmospheric retrieval analyses to constrain chemical and isotopic abundances, temperature structures, rotation velocities, and radial velocities. We confirm the previous detection of 13CO in YSES 1 b at a higher significance of 12.6{\sigma}, but point to a higher 12CO/13CO ratio of 88+/-13 (1{\sigma} confidence interval), consistent with the primary's isotope ratio 66+/-5. We retrieve a solar-like composition in YSES 1 b with a C/O=0.57+/-0.01, indicating a formation via gravitational instability or core accretion beyond the CO iceline. Additionally, the observations lead to detections of H2O and CO in the outer planet YSES 1 c at 7.3{\sigma} and 5.7{\sigma}, respectively. We constrain the atmospheric C/O ratio of YSES 1 c to be either solar or subsolar (C/O=0.36+/-0.15), indicating the accretion of oxygen-rich solids. The two companions have distinct vsini, 5.34+/-0.14 km/s for YSES 1 b and 11.3+/-2.1 km/s for YSES 1 c, despite their similar natal environments. This may indicate different spin axis inclinations or effective magnetic braking by the long-lived circumplanetary disk around YSES 1 b. YSES 1 represents an intriguing system for comparative studies of super-Jovian companions and linking present atmospheres to formation histories.