Vortex Interference Enables optimal 3D Interferometric Nanoscopy

TL;DR

VILM is a simplified 3D super-resolution microscopy technique that uses vortex phase plates to encode axial information in a single image, achieving high precision with less complex instrumentation.

Contribution

The paper introduces VILM, a novel interferometric super-resolution microscope that simplifies 3D imaging by reducing output channels and using vortex phase plates for direct axial localization.

Findings

Achieves ~2x better axial resolution than lateral resolution.

Reduces system complexity by using a single output image.

Successfully resolves microtubule architecture and protein organization.

Abstract

Super-resolution imaging methods that combine interferometric (z) analysis with single-molecule localization microscopy (iSMLM) have achieved ultra-high 3D precision and contributed to the elucidation of important biological ultrastructures. However, their dependence on imaging multiple phase-shifted output channels necessitates complex instrumentation and operation. To solve this problem, we develop an interferometric super-resolution microscope capable of optimal direct axial nanoscopy, termed VILM (Vortex Interference Localization Microscopy). Using a pair of vortex phase plates with opposite orientation for each dual-opposed objective lenses, the detection point-spread functions (PSFs) adopt a bilobed profile whose rotation encodes the axial position. Thus, direct 3D single-molecule coordinate determination can be achieved with a single output image. By reducing the number of output channels to as few as one and utilizing a simple 50:50 beamsplitter, the imaging system is significantly streamlined, while the optimal iSMLM imaging performance is retained, with axial resolution ~2 times better than the lateral. The capability of VILM is demonstrated by resolving the architecture of microtubules and probing the organization of tyrosine-phosphorylated signalling proteins in integrin-based cell adhesions.