Gauge invariant quantum transport theory for non-Hermitian systems

TL;DR

This paper reveals that the traditional Landauer-Büttiker formula fails to preserve gauge invariance in non-Hermitian quantum systems with complex potentials, and proposes methods to restore gauge invariance using NEGF.

Contribution

The authors derive a gauge-invariant current expression for non-Hermitian systems and introduce phenomenological methods to ensure gauge invariance in quantum transport.

Findings

Landauer-Büttiker formula violates gauge invariance with complex potentials

Additional current term identified in non-Hermitian systems

Proposed methods successfully restore gauge invariance

Abstract

Gauge invariance is a fundamental principle that must be preserved in quantum transport. However, when a complex potential is incorporated into the Hamiltonian, we find that the current described by the well-established Landauer-B$\ddot{u}$ttiker formula no longer satisfies gauge invariance. Using the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method, we derive a current expression for a multi-probe system that includes a complex potential in the scattering region. We observe that an additional current term arises compared to the Landauer-B$\ddot{u}$ttiker formula, which leads to a violation of gauge invariance. To address this, we propose two phenomenological methods for redistributing the conductance to restore gauge invariance in non-Hermitian systems. These methods are applied to various trivial and nontrivial non-Hermitian quantum states, confirming the necessity of gauge-invariant treatments in non-Hermitian systems.